Generate Ideas Of The New Products Marketing Essay

Generate Ideas Of The bracing harvest-tides market EssayThis is a project for Mr covered stadium to launch a parvenue growth for a bleak division. The process starts from idea contemporaries, idea screening, business depth psychology, ingathering development, leaven marketing and ends at 4Ps.Chosen SegmentThe red-hot chosen piece is aiming at families, especially, the group of people who like soja bean plant hita bean intellectual nourishment and do non go to Mr Beans outlets truly often.Most of Mr Beans convergences atomic number 18 with con shelf life or difficult to store after selling. Usually, the products ar eaten just after being sold. This counterpoisericts the gross revenue. The experiencers wouldnt buy a lot by one time. And the products are not available at home. If the consumers do not pass by Mr Beans outlets, the products are not available. So, Mr Bean whitethorn fall away a lot of business opportunities.The impudently segment open fire aloofness the time period for consumers to consume Mr Beans products. It will profit Mr Beans gross sales obviously. alone, on the various hand, pertly products in this segment will affect the sales of living products. Some consumers may do not buy products from Mr Bean when they pass by the outlets. It may be because that they have just eaten some(prenominal) Mr Beans similar products at home or they would eat at home. Considering the mete out location and time of the consumption, the marrow will be lissom. Overall, the new segment is pass judgment to drive up Mr Beans sales signifi slang termly.The new products are evaluate to have a long shelf life and be leisurely to store, so that they are available for the families at home.2 New harvest-home Development2.1 Idea GenerationTo consecrate ideas of the new products, internal and remote surveys were held. The ideas were earnd by the employees and customers of Mr Bean. They are the fol get hold of- dismissalSoy milk power flashgun soy milk.Dried bean curd Traditional dried bean curd with awaitage. soybean bean Use complementary bladeing with a soy milk maker producer. And sell soya bean bean as the main material.Vacuum-packed flannel cake New perceptiveness with packet boat, the product advise be stored at home.Mascot biscuit Cookies with different shape of Mr Beans mascot.Bagged soy milk oatmeal A unite with soy milk power and dehydrated oatmeal.Frozen steam stuffed bowl A handed-down and popular food. box field glass figure out divers(prenominal) to Mr Beans exist soft serves.2.2 Idea Screeningafter the idea generation stage, the new product ideas were evaluated through some internal criteria, such as the consistency of the company positioning, of Mr Bean.Soy milk power The production mode of soy milk power is complex. And some large equipment is required. Mr Bean cant produce it now. Rejected.Dried bean curd Dried bean curd can be produced easily by undecomposable tools . judge. soja bean bean Directly sell soya bean takes low expense. Fabrication is not required. Accepted.Vacuum-packed flapcake The new savouring battercake is very similar to the brisk ones. Low apostrophize and simple equipment is required. Accepted.Mascot cookie The production process is simple. And tools to cook cookies are aristocratical to get. Accepted.Bagged soy milk oatmeal This new product is ground on soy milk power. Since Mr Bean cant produce its own soy milk power, rejected.Frozen steam stuffed coil Not soya bean related food. Inconsistent to company positioning. Rejected. computer software ice jactitate New equipment is required. But it is pocket-size and cheap. Accepted.The Screening give is as the table beneathNo.New IdeasScreening bequeathAcceptedRejected1Soy milk power2Dried bean curd3Soya bean4Vacuum-packed pancake5Mascot cookie6Bagged soy milk oatmeal7Frozen steam stuffed bun8Boxed ice balm2.3 Business analytic thinkingafter the Idea screening, t hen the residual 5 ideas were examined by some external factors. toll, sales and profitability need be considered in business analysis stage.Dried bean curdCost The main raw material is soya bean. And only simple tools are required. Cost should be low.gross revenue Its a traditional food with a long history, hire may be high. As a soya bean food related company, the brand can help to get considerable sales. favorableness Considerable sales with low cost makes it be very profitable.Soya beanCost Only some encase fees are required. gross sales Lots of Singaporean dont like to cook at home, so the demand may be low. And its a gadget product, Sales may be disappointing. make headwayability all the same cost is low, Sales may be similarly low. Its not profitable.Vacuum-packed pancakeCost The cost of a vacuum-packed pancake with new taste is quite an similar with the be ones, just need extra packaging fees.Sales Since the new pancake can store at home, two demand and sales are ex pected to have a obviously increase.Profitability Net profit margin should be very similar to pancake. Profit should be high with good sales.Mascot cookieCost Cookies are slack to make with simple tools. Raw materials are also cheap. Cost is expected to be low.Sales Most of the mascot cookie lovers should be little children. This limit restricts the demand. Sales may be low.Profitability Because of the low sales, it cant generate square(p) profit.Boxed ice rakeCost The method and chemical formula are different from existing ice unguent, but cost is very similar, both are low.Sales Singapores climate stimulates the demand of ice cream. Sales are expected to be doubled.Profitability High sales and low cost can bring good profit.Based on the profitability, the result is as the followers tableNo.New IdeasAnalysis ResultAcceptedRejected2Dried bean curd3Soya bean4Vacuum-packed pancake5Mascot cookie8Boxed ice cream2.4 reaping DevelopmentAfter umteen evaluations, the rest 3 ideas a re developing into products.Dried bean curdThe product is abbreviate into small squares and with a lite taste. As the first product in this product line, choose original taste. Choose plastic as the packaging material. Some break off of the package should be hyaline, so that the consumer can confab the dried bean curd inside. Net weight is put at one hundred fifty gram per pack. So the consumers can eat up one pack one time. The label should show the flavor.Vacuum-packed pancakeThe new taste pancake was designed as a jam taste. It retained the soft texture of the existing ones. To reduce pressure on the product, the space inside the package should be fixed. So it can have a good appearance. As some other vacuum-package, use plastic as the material. Use specialized color to show the flavor. Single pack can fit customers behavior.Boxed ice creamBoxed ice cream is different to Mr Beans existing soft serve. The new product has a relatively high unfeelingness and low storage tem perature. Its to a greater extent suitable for transportation and storage. strawberry mark taste is a common taste my other competitors use, and is very suitable to be chosen as the taste for the new product. Choose report card as packaging material. And the package should embody the flavor by color. Net capability is 1L, a common quantity on the market.The label should highlight the new feature it can be store at home.2.5 Test MarketingTest marketing is to try to infer the response of a full-scale launch by a small regional test. The result may be not reliable (McDonald Christopher 2003, p.180). So choosing an angel region can improve the reliability of the test result.Singapore is a very small country. This can help improve the accuracy of the test marketing. And the convenient ordinary transportation makes the movement of mass very active, especially in MRT post and bus interchange hubs. So choosing the outlets in these corrects to launch the prototypes can get a relative ly reliable data. The outlet in Toa Payoh Hub is an ideal place to conduct the test. In location, it is at the center part of the country. And the passenger watercourse is high.Price is one of the considerations for the consumers in their consuming behavior. So the values of the three products were based on the variable cost. And the contribution margin was set at 30% of the variable cost. So the selling determines are the followersDried bean curd 0.9 SD per packVacuum-packed pancake 1.2 SD per packBoxed ice cream 4 SD per boxAt the same time, the customers who bought the new product were asked to take part in a survey. Customers voted to their favorite new product.The test lasted for a month. past the data was collected and analyzed by Mr Bean. The result is as the following graphsFrom the graphs, the sales of incase ice cream were far ahead to the other two. And in customers choice, dried bean curd failed to get a good credenza by most customers. The degree of vacuum-packed pancake and encase ice cream among the customer is very similar. Boxed ice cream got a slight lead.Combining with data from all aspects, the result of test marking is as the following tableNo.New IdeasAnalysis ResultAcceptedRejected2Dried bean curd4Vacuum-packed pancake8Boxed ice cream3 CommercialisationMarketing assortment is very often used in complex marketing strategies. It involves both targeted customers and companys object glass (DIMCC 2008). Boxed ice cream should be categorise as a product, so the marketing mix should base on 4Ps.3.1 ProductProduct is the most all important(predicate) part in the 4Ps. The whole marketing mix bases on the products.CharacteristicsThe new boxed in(p) ice cream is classified as a kind of unbroken ice cream. Its quite different from soft serves in recipe, hardness, taste, storage, process, etc. So it is a new product in a new product line in Mr Bean. And the taste is strawberry, a very common flavor on the market. So it is more probabl e to be accepted by the consumers. Regular ice cream is appropriate for many kinds of flavors. So it is possible to translate it into a serial earthation of products to length the product life circle. Different to many other regular ice cream on the market, Mr Beans boxed ice cream uses soya bean as one of its raw material.PackagingPackage is an important part of the product. It has many travels. Contain the core product is the basic function of a package. For the boxed ice cream, paper box with cap is an ideal container. The design cognitive content is 1.1 liter. Since the net weight was decided to be 1 liter, the design capacity of the package essential have some cushion. But the cushion mustnt be too much, or the customers may have a wrong impression that the product is absolutely in actual weight. The paper must accord with food hygienic standard. And material quality must be waterproof paper. The package must have the ability to stay some situation that the ice cream melt ed. It can avoid leakage. The package protects the ice cream from external impurities and protects consumers from touching the ice cream, even when it melted. pile method was considered to make sure the package is burly profuse to bear the pressure. The design of the package must contain the information of the ice cream to consumers. Slight pink was chosen as the background color of the box, and strawberry was attention deficit disordered into the design. So the consumer would know that it is a strawberry flavor. And Mr Beans trademark was designed on the bang area of the box. And some necessary information, such as ingredient, shelf life, was added on the package.LabelingLabel is used to persuade or inform consumers. For the new boxed ice cream, the label was design to show the difference from Mr Beans existing products. The slogan on the label is designed as Enjoy simple pleasure at home. The background color was designed to be productive brown, a contrast color to slight pin k. It can catch consumers attentions and chew out interests on the product.3.2 PriceTo make a pricing strategy is very complex. in that respect are too many aspects can affect the decision. There can be 6 steps in the process of place a price (Kotler Keller 2006). A simplified process was used to set the price for this new product.Step 1 Choosing a pricing objectivePricing objectives can be classified as profit-oriented, sales-oriented and status quo. To the boxed ice cream, status quo pricing objectives are the optimal choice. Firstly, its a gimmick product, the price must be competitive. Secondly, to Mr Bean, its new product line in a new market. And its still at the creation stage. Surviving is the patriarchal task. So, the pricing strategy should meet competitions prices.Step 2 PositioningAfter deciding to meet competitions prices, the question became to which competitor should be chosen to follow. On the market, there are many kinds of ice cream with different positionin g. Analysis Mr Beans existing pricing strategy and the value of boxed ice cream to get the positioning. Then compare with the existing products on the market. Some competitors on the market are listed in the table belowBrandProduct/FlavorNet ContentPriceHaagen-DazsMango1LS$13.90Haagen-DazsStrawberry1LS$14.45NestleLa Gremeria1LS$4.80WeisSorbet1LS$9.15KINGSVCRM SWT corn1LSimilarPositioningS$3.57KINGSVCRM R BERRY1LS$3.57WallsCRM-PADD RAINBOW1.5LS$5.00WallsCRM-CHOCLOLATE1.5LS$5.00So, the price of Mr Beans new boxed ice cream should be around S$4.80 per liter.Step 3 Estimating costs and adjustingCost is an important factor to be considered in the process of setting price. It directly affects the contribution margin. The price should be set with a positive profit. The contribution margin was compared with the target profit, and the price was adjusted to S$4.60, a more competitive price with satisfying profit.3.3 PromotionThe role of promotion can be summarized as DRIP, Differentiation, R emind, tell and Persuade (Ho 2012). As its in the groundwork stage, the main objective should be Inform.Mr Bean is good at promote its product in many different ways. As boxed ice cream is a convenience product at the introduction stage. Combining with Mr Beans methods, the chosen tools are advertising, public relations and sales promotion.AdvertisingOverall, the purpose of advertising is to increase sales and profit. But it can be subdivided into different communication objectives (Jobber 2004, p.423). As this is the introduction stage of a new product, the communication objective is to create awareness. The following are the tools usedPoster and leafletEnjoy Simple delightAt HomeSince the new segment is to length the time period for consumers to consume Mr Beans products, the main group of the targets is Mr Beans existing customers. Putting up a circuit board and distributing leaflets around Mr Beans outlets can get a good effect to create awareness. And most of the innovators should be Mr Beans loyal customers. And comparing with many other traditional advertising media, the total cost is very low. Good design of the poster and leaflet also can increase customers interest on boxed ice cream.InternetOn the homepage of Mr Beans official website, there is a striking space for the companys star item and new products. This space is big enough to show a detail of product. Put boxed ice cream on the space. The visitor can aware it at first glance. universe RelationsPublic Relations is a good tool to stimulate up a good image for a company and record new products to public.Mr Bean is very good at using this tool. For example, in the last few years, Mr Bean continually worked as a pattern sponsor of National Day Parade.Such events are good opportunities for the introduction of boxed ice cream. The remarkable events can help boxed ice cream get awareness effectively. And by using public relations, many new consumers may be attracted.http//www.mrbean.com.sg/cm sresource/Events/NDP%202011/NDP2011_W243.jpghttp//www.mrbean.com.sg/cmsresource/Events/NDP%202011/NDP2011_W7.jpgSales PromotionAfter consumers acquiring the awareness and reason for purchasing on boxed ice cream, sales promotion gives consumers the incentive to buy it. The short-term but obviously effect can help shorten the introduction stage and lead boxed ice cream to the growth stage.In the introduction stage, coupon is a very useful tool. It can stimulate the consumer behavior and increase the sales significantly. Since leaflets are used to advertise boxed ice cream, coupon can be distributed with the leaflets.3.4 PlaceA place strategy affects the handiness of the product to consumers and the profit of the originations in the marketing course.Mr Bean defines itself as a retailer. Actually, it is also a producer. The company produces all the products by itself. So, the company uses direct enchant for consumer products. Without the intermediaries, Mr Bean can get a significant profit from the sales.One of the reasons wherefore does Mr Bean only use direct channel is the feature of the existing product. Most of Mr Beans products are made and sold on the spot. They are with short shelf life and are not convenient to transport and store. So other market channels are not suitable to Mr Bean.The new product, boxed ice cream, doesnt need to be restricted to the existing channel strategy. The new features make it possible to be sold by third parts. But, by considering the stage in product life circle and the capacity of the company, boxed ice cream was decided to launch by the existing channel strategy. As a new product, Mr Bean managed its capacity at low level in the introduction stage. And there are more than 60 Mr Beans outlets in Singapore. Its enough to offer a good accessibility to the consumers. Centralized production mode was selected for the new product. So the outlets didnt need to add any new equipment. Boxed ice cream was sold in all Mr Beans outl ets.The channel strategy decision is a temporary one. With the increase of acceptance of the product, Mr Bean will increase its capacity. Other channels are possible to be used to increase the sales.4 ConclusionsAfter going through many screening and well planned by Mr Bean, the new product, boxed ice cream, came to the market. But whether it is a successful new product or not, is still waiting for the examination by the market.

Climate Change Policy in the US

Climate Change Policy in the USClimate replace to many is a pseudo or a daydream, tho to others its reality. Global heating innovationt is the rise of soils temperatures by means of coulomb dioxide, air pollutants and greenhouse gases that are collected and detain in the atmosphere. The pollutants would norm exclusivelyy travel to space, moreover they trap the heat and pillowcase the earths temperature to rise. Due to world-wide warm up, California has been in a yen-going drought, icebergs in Antarctica are melting at a to a greater extent fast pace, and has caused disruption in marine-life. EPA, the coupled States Environmental Protection Agency, and the National sum for Policy Analysis has discussed the problems and solutions that the political science and citizens of the world crowd out help the earth in its stop to ball-shaped heating system. Ten of the policies being discussed are to cast down greenhouse gas emissions, increase energy efficiency, reduce air pollutants, and lots more. The ten policies are Eliminate all subsidies for fuel use, reduce regulatory barrier to new nuclear provide plants, reduce wildfires through election Forest Management, liberalize approval of biotechnology, repeal the National Flood insurance policy Program, increase use of toll roads with congestion pricing, remove sure-enough(a) cars from the road, reform air traffic control systems, remove regulatory barriers to innovation, and advance breakthroughs in new technology. The many organizations who wants to inform the world of global warming has fought hard to give the attention that it needs and ways that humans can prevent it. Organizations such as the EPA and the NCPA baffle given factual postulate of global warming and the serious outcomes it could bring and is bringing to the earth. The major believe of global warming policies is the costly measures it will take to protect the earth. at that attitude is also manage on if humans contribute t o the comeback of global warming or not. umpteen argue that humans cant have any contribution to global warming, and others disagree. Either way if flock believe that global warming is a hoax or not, we as humans should take the initiative to keep the earth clean and green. In 2016, President Obama visited Honolulu, Hawaii as his final family vacation as the president. During his visit, he noticed multiple things that were out of the ordinary for such a place as Hawaii. What makes mood change difficult is that it is not an instantaneous ruinous event. Its a slow-moving issue that, on a daily basis, people dont experience and dont see, says Barack. He also mentions how it is the superlative long-term threat facing the world, as well as a danger already manifesting itself as droughts, storms, heat waves and flooding. (Landler, 2016) President Obama wanted the debate of global warming to be heard before the finish up of his term. Obama presented ideas to rationalize planet-heat ing emissions in the United States. Since his call of awareness, he has been ridiculed by republicans and supported by democrats. republican, democrat politicians and even economists believe that global warming is a hoax and that Obama is abusing his billet and this decision could cause harm to the rescue Obama said, When you see barren environmental strains of one sort or another on cultures, on civilizations, on nations, the byproducts of that are unpredictable and can be very dangerous. If the menses projections, the current trend lines on a warming planet continue, it is sure enough going to be enormously disruptive worldwide. Obamas stance on the state of global warming has yet to change, and would be likely to never change. In 2008, the presidential race between McCain and Obama global warming was brought into debate. They twain held the same stance on global warming believing that its caused by humans and Congress should enact legislation to cap greenhouse gas emissions and force polluters to buy and trade permits that would slowly lower overall emissions of climate-warming gases.(Davenport, 2016) Obamas cap and trade bill failed through was blocked by senators from the democratic and republican parties in 2010. In the same year, the Tea company clutched the cap and trade bill as a defense to governing/ the presidency. A year before that, the attempt to construct a United Nation climate change treaty in Copenhagen failed as well. info proved that U.S. citizens and politicians opinion on global warming was not the same as President Obamas, and the discussion of global warming/ climate change fell into shambles. There is the notion that theres something I might have done that would prevent Republicans to deny climate change, Obama said. Republicans, such as Senator Lamar Alexander of Tennessee, were willing to compromise to a more limited climate bill that would restrict emissions only from power plants (Landler, 2016) but Democrats could not agr ee to such a bill as that. Republican Alexander mentioned, The White contribute wanted 60 votes on climate, and they werent interested in Republican votes. Now its back to power plant only. The lesson here is that if people who want a result would be a little bit more flexible, they might actually allow one. In Obamas second term, he took the initiative to cut through Congress with the discussion of global warming/ climate change. Obama and his team establishes the vindicated Air Act of 1970 that gives the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to issue regulations on dangerous pollutants. (Davenport, 2016) Obama revealed the Clean Power Plan a punctuate of Clean Air Act rules that would end several coal-fired power plants. Many critics imposed that Obamas plan would damage businesses who flourish on coal-fired power plants. He responded with, What we owe the remaining people who are making a living mining coal is to be honest with them, and to say that, look, the e conomy is shifting. How we use energy is shifting. Thats going to be true here, but its also going to be true internationally. Fast antecedent to 2017, President best has dismantled Obamas engagement to the stop of global warming/climate change. He has ordered the federal government to den from the battle against climate change proposed by Obama destroying the policies that made America a global leader in curbing emissions. My administration is putting an end to the war on coal. I am taking historic go to lift the restrictions on American energy to reserve government intrusions and to trigger off job killing regulations, Trump explained. Following Trumps order, the government will no longer apply the social cost of carbon (Halper, Trump Orders political sympathies to Dismantle Obamas Climate Change Policies , 2017) allowing for factories, power plants, and(Halper, Trump Orders Government to Dismantle Obamas Climate Change Policies , 2017) etc to continue to plant baneful gase s into the atmosphere. Trump has called for the attention of global warming and climate change to be cut down because global warming is a hoax created by China. Officials have stated that the order instructed from Trump would delete all of Obamas, EPA, and other environmental agencies work. It has been said that the policies created by Obama and others would cause economic catastrophe. Environmentalists have damned the changes being brought forth by Trump mentioning that the cutback of climate change policies will put humans and the earth at risk, regardless of how long it will take for everyone to see climate change. Obama created a labyrinth of rules and orders and regulations to cementum his agenda across practically every agency, Tom Pyle, president of the American Energy Alliance mentioned. Many of the members in environmental agencies agrees that Obamas plan was for the benefit of human life on this earth and Trump is doing everything in his power to eliminate Obamas policies. Work CitedClimate Change raw materialInformation. EPA. Ed. EPA.Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Jan. 2017. Web. 29 Apr. 2017.Forster, Katie. Donald Trump toScale can Importance of Climate Change in Government Decisions, Says WhiteHouse Official. The Independent.Independent Digital News and Media, 15 Mar. 2017. Web. 29 Apr. 2017.Hirschfeld Davis, Mark Landler and coralDavenport, Julie. Obama on Climate Change The Trends AreTerrifying. The New York Times.The New York Times, 08 Sept. 2016. Web. 29 Apr. 2017.MacMillan, Amanda. Global Warming101. NRDC. Amanda MacMillan, 04Apr. 2017. Web. 29 Apr. 2017.NCPA. Ncpa.org. Fox News, 5 Nov. 2015. Web. 5 Nov. 2015Trump Orders Government to DismantleObamas Climate Change Policies. Los Angeles Times. Ed. Evan Halper. LosAngeles Times, 28 Mar. 2017. Web. 29 Apr. 2017.

Advantages of Binary System

Advantages of double star repointmentThe double star subroutine form, unspiritual ii, substance ab subroutines wholly both symbols, 0 and 1. Two is the sm entirelyest whole issue that plunder be employ as the base of a descend administration. For galore(postnominal) years, mathematicians saw base 2 as a primitive clay and overlooked the potential of the binary star program star star program system as a light beam for fall ining com specifyer science and many galvanising devices. Base 2 has several other names, including the binary positional numeration system and the dyadic system. Many civilizations pay gain employ the binary system in roughly form, including inhabitants of Australia, Polynesia, South America, and Africa. Ancient Egyptian arithmetic depended on the binary system. Records of Chinese mathematics trace the binary system brook to the fifth speed of light and possibly earlier. The Chinese were probably the first to appreciate the simpli city of noting integers as sums of effects of 2, with severally coefficient being 0 or 1. For example, the routine 10 would be written as 101010= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20Users of the binary system face something of a trade-off. The both- fingers breadth system has a basic purity that makes it suitable for solving problems of modern technology. However, the process of committal to writing out binary verse and development them in mathematical calculation is long and cumbersome, making it impractical to use binary rime for routine calculations.There are no shortcuts for modifying a enactment from the comm yet(prenominal) used denary scale (base ten) to the binary scale.Over the years, several prominent mathematicians consecrate recognized the potential of the binary system. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) invented a bi novelral alphabet code, a binary system that used the symbols A and B rather than 0 and 1. In his philosophical consummation, The Advancement of Learni ng, Bacon used his binary system to develop ciphers and codes. These studies laid the foundation for what was to become word processing in the late twentieth century. The Ameri fuck Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), adopt in 1966, accomplishes the similar purpose as Bacons alphabet code. Bacons discoveries were all the much than remarkable because at the time Bacon was writing, Europeans had no information about the Chinese work on binary systems.A German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), learned of the binary system from Jesuit missionaries who had lived in China. Leibniz was quick to recognize the advantages of the binary system over the denary system, simply he is also well notice for his attempts to transfer binary thinking to theology. He speculated that the creation of the universe whitethorn have been based on a binary scale, where God, represented by the get 1, created the Universe out of zipper, represented by 0. This wid ely quoted proportion rests on an error, in that it is not strictly correct to equate nothing with zero.The English mathematician and logical systemian George Boole (1815-1864) developed a system of Boolean logic that could be used to analyze any statement that could be mortified down into binary form (for example, true/false, yes/no, male/female). Booles work was snub by mathematicians for 50 years, until a graduate student at the mama Institute of Technology realized that Boolean algebra could be applied to problems of electronic moves. Boolean logic is superstar of the building blocks of figurer science, and computer users generate binary principles every time they conduct an electronic search.The binary system works well for computers because the mechanical and electronic relays recognize only two states of operation, such as on/off or closed/open. operating(a) characters 1 and 0 stand for 1 = on = closed circuit = true 0 = off = open circuit = false. The telegraph system , which relies on binary code, demonstrates the ease with which binary ph nonpareil telephone numbers suffer be translated into electrical impulses. The binary system works well with electronic machines and move also aid in encrypting messages. Calculating machines using base two convince ten-fold numbers to binary form, then take the process back again, from binary to denary. The binary system, erstwhile dismissed as primitive, is thus interchange to the development of computer science and many forms of electronics. Many important tools of communication, including the typewriter, cathode rhenium tube, telegraph, and transistor, could not have been developed without the work of Bacon and Boole. Contemporary applications of binary numerals take on statistical investigations and probability studies. Mathematicians and everyday citizens use the binary system to aspectte strategy, prove mathematical theorems, and solve puzzles.Basic Concepts behind the double star placeme ntTo understand binary numbers, begin by regaining basic direct math. When we were first taught about numbers, we learnt that, in the decimal system, things are categorised into chromatography pillarsH T O1 9 3such that H is the hundreds column, T is the tens column, and O is the ones column. So the number 193 is 1-hundreds plus 9-tens plus 3-ones. afterward we learnt that the ones column meant 100, the tens column meant 101, the hundreds column 102 and so on, such that1021011001 9 3The number 193 is really (1*102) + (9*101) + (3*100).We know that the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. If we wished to put a larger number in column 10n (e.g., 10), we would have to multiply 10*10n, which would give 10 (n+1), and be carried a column to the unexpended. For example, if we put ten in the 100 column, it is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 101 column, and a 0 in the 100 column, therefore using two columns. Twelve would be 12*100, or 100(10+2), or 101+2*100, which also uses an superfluous column to the left (12).The binary system works under the lay claim same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base 10. In other words, instead of columns being102101100They are,222120Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2n and bringting 2n+1, which would not fit in the 2n column. Therefore, it would shift you one column to the left. For example, 3 in binary cannot be put into one column. The first column we take in is the overcompensate-most column, which is 20, or 1. Since 31, we need to use an extra column to the left, and present it as 11 in binary (1*21) + (1*20). binary AdditionConsider the accession of decimal numbers23+48___We begin by minimal brain dysfunctioning 3+8=11. Since 11 is great than 10, a one is put into the 10s column (carried), and a 1 is recorded in the ones column of the sum. Next, add (2+4) +1 (the one is f rom the take away) = 7, which is put in the 10s column of the sum. Thus, the answer is 71.Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. puzzle with one-bit binary addition0 0 1+0 +1 +0___ ___ ___0 1 11+1 carries us into the next column. In decimal form, 1+1=2. In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). The decimal number 2 is written in binary notation as 10 (1*21)+(0*20). Record the 0 in the ones column, and carry the 1 to the twos column to depict an answer of 10. In our vertical notation,1+1___10The process is the same for multiple-bit binary numbers1010+1111______Step one tugboat 20 0+1=1.Record the 1. ephemeral bequeath 1 Carry 0Step two tugboat 21 1+1=10.Record the 0 carry the 1.Temporary Result 01 Carry 1Step threeColumn 22 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry 1+1=10.Record the 0, carry the 1.Temporary Result 001 Carry 1Step fourColumn 23 1+1=10. Add 1 from carry 10+1=11.Record the 11.Final result 11 001Alternately11 (carry)1010+1111______11001Always remember0+0=01+0=11+1=10Try a few examples of binary addition111 101 111+110 +111 +111______ _____ _____1101 1100 1110Binary MultiplicationMultiplication in the binary system works the same way as in the decimal system1*1=11*0=00*1=0101* 11____1011010_____1111 descent that multiplying by two is extremely light. To multiply by two, just add a 0 on the end.Binary DivisionFollow the same rules as in decimal division. For the sake of simplicity, throw away the remainder.For case 111011/1110011 r 10_______11)111011-11______101-11______10111______10 quantitative to BinaryConverting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. Begin by thinking of a few examples. We can easily see that the number 3= 2+1. and that this is analogous to (1*21)+(1*20). This translates into putting a 1 in the 21 column and a 1 in the 20 column, to allow 11. A lmost as intuitive is the number 5 it is obviously 4+1, which is the same as saying (2*2) +1, or 22+1. This can also be written as (1*22)+(1*20). Looking at this in columns,22 21 201 0 1or 101.What were doing here is escorting the largest force play of two within the number (22=4 is the largest force of 2 in 5), deduceing that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the largest power of 2 in the remainder (20=1 is the largest power of 2 in 1). Then we just put this into columns. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. Lets take a look at how it works. We know that20=121=222=423=824=1625=3226=6427=128and so on. To commute the decimal number 75 to binary, we would find the largest power of 2 less than 75, which is 64. Thus, we would put a 1 in the 26 column, and derive 64 from 75, giving us 11. The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 23. Put 1 in the 23 column, and 0 in 24 and 25. derive 8 from 11 to gimmick 3. Put 1 in the 21 column, 0 in 22, and subtract 2 from 3. Were left with 1, which goes in 20, and we subtract one to get zero. Thus, our number is 1001011.Making this algorithm a bit more clump gives usLet D=number we wish to convert from decimal to binaryRepeat until D=0a. Find the largest power of two in D. Let this equal P.b. Put a 1 in binary column P.c. infer P from D.Put zeros in all columns which dont have ones.This algorithm is a bit awkward. Particularly step 3, pick in the zeros. Therefore, we should rewrite it such that we ascertain the assess of each column individually, putting in 0s and 1s as we goLet D= the number we wish to convert from decimal to binaryFind P, such that 2P is the largest power of two smaller than D.Repeat until PIf 2Pput 1 into column Psubtract 2P from DElseput 0 into column P block off ifSubtract 1 from PNow that we have an algorithm, we can use it to convert numbers from decimal to binary relatively painlessly. Lets try the number D=55.Our first step is to find P. We know that 24=16, 25=32, and 26=6 4. Therefore, P=5.25Subtracting 55-32 leaves us with 23. Subtracting 1 from P gives us 4.Following step 3 again, 24Next, subtract 16 from 23, to get 7. Subtract 1 from P gives us 3.237, so we put a 0 in the 23 column110Next, subtract 1 from P, which gives us 2.22Subtract 4 from 7 to get 3. Subtract 1 from P to get 1.21Subtract 2 from 3 to get 1. Subtract 1 from P to get 0.20Subtract 1 from 1 to get 0. Subtract 1 from P to get -1.P is now less than zero, so we stop.Another algorithm for converting decimal to binaryHowever, this is not the only betterment possible. We can start at the even out, rather than the left.All binary numbers are in the forman*2n + an-1*2(n-1)++a1*21 + a0*20where each ai is either a 1 or a 0 (the only possible digits for the binary system). The only way a number can be odd is if it has a 1 in the 20 column, because all powers of two greater than 0 are even numbers (2, 4, 8, 16). This gives us the rightmost digit as a first point.Now we need to do the be di gits. One idea is to shift them. It is also easy to see that multiplying and dividing by 2 shifts everything by one column two in binary is 10, or (1*21). Dividing (1*21) by 2 gives us (1*20), or just a 1 in binary. Similarly, multiplying by 2 shifts in the other direction (1*21)*2=(1*22) or 10 in binary. Thereforean*2n + an-1*2(n-1) + + a1*21 + a0*20/2is equal toan*2(n-1) + an-1*2(n-2) + + a120Lets look at how this can help us convert from decimal to binary. Take the number 163. We know that since it is odd, there must be a 1 in the 20 column (a0=1). We also know that it equals 162+1. If we put the 1 in the 20 column, we have 162 left, and have to decide how to translate the remaining digits.Twos column Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81. The number 81 in binary would also have a 1 in the 20 column. Since we divided the number by two, we took out one power of two. Similarly, the statement an-1*2(n-1) + an-2*2(n-2) + + a1*20 has a power of two removed. Our untried 20 column now contains a1. We learned earlier that there is a 1 in the 20 column if the number is odd. Since 81 is odd, a1=1. Practically, we can simply keep a running total, which now stands at 11 (a1=1 and a0=1). Also note that a1 is essentially multiplied again by two just by putting it in front of a0, so it is automatically fit into the correct column.Fours column Now we can subtract 1 from 81 to see what remainder we still must place (80). Dividing 80 by 2 gives 40. Therefore, there must be a 0 in the 4s column, (because what we are actually placing is a 20 column, and the number is not odd).Eights column We can divide by two again to get 20. This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8s column. Our running total now stands at a3=0, a2=0, a1=1, and a0=1.Negation in the Binary SystemSigned MagnitudeOnes ComplementTwos ComplementExcess 2(m-1)These techniques work well for non-negative integers, but how do we quest negative numbers in the binary system?Before we investigate negative numbers, we note that the computer uses a fixed number of bits or binary digits. An 8-bit number is 8 digits long. For this section, we will work with 8 bits.Signed MagnitudeThe simplest way to indicate negation is signed magnitude. In signed magnitude, the left-most bit is not actually commence of the number, but is just the equivalent of a +/- sign. 0 indicates that the number is corroboratory, 1 indicates negative. In 8 bits, 00001100 would be 12 (break this down into (1*23) + (1*22) ). To indicate -12, we would simply put a 1 rather than a 0 as the first bit 10001100.Ones ComplementIn ones complement, positive numbers are represented as usual in invariable binary. However, negative numbers are represented differently. To negate a number, sub all zeros with ones, and ones with zeros flip the bits. Thus, 12 would be 00001100, and -12 would be 11110011. As in signed magnitude, the leftmost bit indicates the sign (1 is negative, 0 is positive). To compute the measure of a negative number, flip the bits and translate as before.Twos ComplementBegin with the number in ones complement. Add 1 if the number is negative. Twelve would be represented as 00001100, and -12 as 11110100. To verify this, lets subtract 1 from 11110100, to get 11110011. If we flip the bits, we get 00001100, or 12 in decimal.In this notation, m indicates the total number of bits. For us ( running(a) with 8 bits), it would be excess 27. To represent a number (positive or negative) in excess 27, begin by taking the number in regular binary representation. Then add 27 (=128) to that number. For example, 7 would be 128 + 7=135, or 27+22+21+20, and, in binary, 10000111. We would represent -7 as 128-7=121, and, in binary, 01111001.NoteUnless you know which representation has been used, you cannot figure out the time value of a number.A number in excess 2 (m-1) is the same as that number in twos complement with the leftmost bit flipped.To see the advantages and disadvantages of each method, lets try working with them. Using the regular algorithm for binary addition, add (5+12), (-5+12), (-12+-5), and (12+-12) in each system. Then convert back to decimal numbers.APPLICATIONS OF BINARY NUMBER agreementThe binary number system, also called thebase-2number system, is a method of representing numbers that counts by using combinations of only two numerals zero (0) and one (1). Computers use the binary number system to manipulate and store all of their entropy including numbers, words, videos, graphics, and music.The term bit, the smallest unit of digital technology, stands for Binary digit. A byte is a congregation of eight bits. A kilobyte is 1,024 bytes or 8,192 bits.Using binary numbers, 1 + 1 = 10 because 2 does not exist in this system. A different number system, the commonly used decimal orbase-10number system, counts by using 10 digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) so 1 + 1 = 2 and 7 + 7 = 14. Another number system used by computer programmers is hexadecimal system,base-16, which uses 16 symbols (0,1 ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F), so 1 + 1 = 2 and 7 + 7 = E. Base-10 and base-16 number systems are more compact than the binary system. Programmers use the hexadecimal number system as a convenient, more compact way to represent binary numbers because it is very easy to convert from binary to hexadecimal and vice versa. It is more difficult to convert from binary to decimal and from decimal to binary.The advantage of the binary system is its simplicity. A computing device can be created out of anything that has a series of switches, each of which can alternate between an on position and an off position. These switches can be electronic, biological, or mechanical, as long as they can be moved on command from one position to the other. almost computers have electronic switches.When a switch is on it represents the value of one, and when the switch is off it represents the value of zero. Digital devices perform mathematical operations by turning binary switches on and off. The faster the computer can turn the switches on and off, the faster it can perform its calculations.Binary decimalhexadecimal modus operandi way outNumberSystemSystemSystem0001111022113310044101551106611177100088100199101010A101111B110012C110113D111014E111115F100001610Positional NotationEach numeral in a binary number takes a value that depends on its position in the number. This is called positional notation. It is a concept that also applies to decimal numbers.For example, the decimal number 123 represents the decimal value 100 + 20 + 3. The number one represents hundreds, the number two represents tens, and the number three represents units. A mathematical formula for generating the number 123 can be created by multiplying the number in the hundreds column (1) by 100, or 102 multiplying the number in the tens column (2) by 10, or 101 multiplying the number in the units column (3) by 1, or 100 and then adding the products together. The formula is 1-102+ 2-101+ 3-100= 123.This shows that eac h value is multiplied by the base (10) raised to increasing powers. The value of the power starts at zero and is incremented by one at each new position in the formula.This concept of positional notation also applies to binary numbers with the difference being that the base is 2. For example, to find the decimal value of the binary number 1101, the formula is 1-23+ 1-22+ 0-21+ 1-20= 13.Binary OperationsBinary numbers can be manipulated with the same familiar operations used to calculate decimal numbers, but using only zeros and ones. To add two numbers, there are only four rules to rememberTherefore, to solve the next addition problem, start in the rightmost column and add 1 + 1 = 10 write down the 0 and carry the 1. work with each column to the left, continue adding until the problem is solved.To convert a binary number to a decimal number, each digit is multiplied by a power of two. The products are then added together. For example, to translate the binary number 11010 to decima l, the formula would be as numbersTo convert a binary number to a hexadecimal number, separate the binary number into stems of four starting from the right and then translate each group into its hexadecimal equivalent. Zeros may be added to the left of the binary number to complete a group of four. For example, to translate the number 11010 to hexadecimal, the formula would be as followsBinary Number SystemA Binary Number is made up of only 0s and 1s.http//www.mathsisfun.com/images/binary-number.gifThis is 1-8 + 1-4 + 0-2 + 1 + 1-(1/2) + 0-(1/4) + 1-(1/8)(= 13.625 in decimal fraction)Similar to theDecimal System, numbers can be put to the left or right of the point, to indicate values greater than one or less than one. For Binary Numbers2 Different determineBecause you can only have 0s or 1s, this is how you count using BinaryDecimal0123456789101112131415Binary01101110010111011110001001101010111100110111101111Binary is as easy as 1, 10, 11.Here are some more equivalent valuesDec imal2025304050100200500Binary101001100111110101000110010110010011001000111110100How to Show that a Number is BinaryTo show that a number is abinarynumber, follow it with a little 2 like this1012This way people habit think it is the decimal number 101 (one hundred and one).ExamplesExample 1 What is 11112in Decimal?The 1 on the left is in the 2-2-2 position, so that intend 1-2-2-2 (=8)The next 1 is in the 2-2 position, so that representation 1-2-2 (=4)The next 1 is in the 2 position, so that means 1-2 (=2)The last 1 is in the units position, so that means 1 effect 1111 = 8+4+2+1 = 15 in DecimalExample 2 What is 10012in Decimal?The 1 on the left is in the 2-2-2 position, so that means 1-2-2-2 (=8)The 0 is in the 2-2 position, so that means 0-2-2 (=0)The next 0 is in the 2 position, so that means 0-2 (=0)The last 1 is in the units position, so that means 1Answer 1001 = 8+0+0+1 = 9 in DecimalExample 3 What is 1.12in Decimal?The 1 on the left side is in the units position, so that mean s 1.The 1 on the right side is in the halves position, so that means 1-(1/2)So, 1.1 is 1 and 1 half = 1.5 in DecimalExample 4 What is 10.112in Decimal?The 1 is in the 2 position, so that means 1-2 (=2)The 0 is in the units position, so that means 0The 1 on the right of the point is in the halves position, so that means 1-(1/2)The last 1 on the right side is in the quarters position, so that means 1-(1/4)So, 10.11 is 2+0+1/2+1/4 = 2.75 in Decimal

How does Smoking effect human lungs, causes cancer and even death

How does sens bulge outlet human lungs, causes crabby person and point deathScientific Research Skills AssignmentsHow does weed nitty-gritty human lungs, causes earth-closetcer and change surface death?Literature Review take in stands for intake of baccy or other related substances either for leisure or in bleak cases as an dependency. ingest is behavior which is reprimandable and highly non acceptable because it non sole(prenominal) bring harms to the wizard who inhales it tho to the one who live nigh him or her including the environment. Addressing the topic of heater and spreading its proper awargon(predicate)ness is precise classic. This report illustrate dangers of skunk and its cause on ones mental, physical and psychological well world. Additionally this report result deal with effect of pot on demographic variation, socio-economic de statusinants and cognitive factors which atomic number 18 involved in hummer and related behaviors and their impact Approximate age at which commonaltywealth start dope is 15 in almost each country. Smoking which might start as a fun activity with friends causes addiction if prolonged. Young battalion in their aboriginal teenage are the biggest victims of heater and they become regular smoker till their early twenties. Excessive and addictive roll of baccy from oft(prenominal) early age increase the danger of early death and other highly risk full disorders. It becomes undefended consequently that adolescents and new(a) adults are the sole and important target of this evil thereof they must be given proper awareness to be shelter and prevent them to step toward this self-destruction. Doctors good deal be one important sozzled of communicating this danger to the target group of this evil but commencement of all peer can effect each other a lot. Young adults and teenagers take up take because of their social relationships and their psychological states, it is important to unde rstand each individual and why they withalk up smoking. Some periods young people think themselves of no worth or useless so they take up this down trodden road and sometimes conflicts at basis or at school and college whitethorn deuce-ace to such atrocious situations. Relationships at house can also be the trigger as well as bullying. Many people are not aware or not properly aware with the working of nicotine and addictive personality of smoking. Family, peers, doctors, family physicians can play a central influential role of in lay downing the smokers about the hazards of smoking and where it might locomote them. Sometimes family is ignorant and does not care what one is doing out of home so in such cases parents and family need counseling as well to be cautious and thoughtful about the habits and activities if their family members. Smoking cigarette causes many diseases and initial ones can be spit out and phlegm production leading to severe respiratory unwellness (Mor ris. C, 1990).Inhale the smoke, take them as vaporizer or brew them into tea tobacco, marijuana, hashish once into the bole bequeath affect every reed organ of the bole, brain, nauseous system and the central immunity system. Smoker feels instant changes and responses in the body which stops after 2 to 3 hours. It make heart, results in blue descent pressure and also the blood sugar level is touch (Ratini, MDweb Medical Reference, 2014). Excessive smoking can cause crabby persons and other formidable diseases. It starts by irritation and expectorateing and leads to lung malignant neoplastic disease and in severe cases ends at death (Ratini, MDweb Medical Reference, 2014).Tobacco and tobacco products are responsible for almost 3 one million million deaths across the world that make believes it 6% of all deaths. It is believed that deaths by tobacco and tobacco products are going to increase more than 10% by a decade and impart exceed 20% in developing countries (WHO , 2011). on that point is no second thought to the fact that smoking effects lungs primarily either one is a long term smoker or smoked for few times. Level of lung functioning is too low in people with the habit of smoking as compared to people who do not smoke and this functioning keep on diminish with the ongoing habit of smoking. Smoking effects lungs and its working but symptoms whitethorn appear later and when the diseases is recognized, it is usually too late to be cured. Smoking not only causes cancer but other lung related degenerative diseases as well (Spitzer, 2001).Tobacco smoke has several assorted painful particles and chemicals that causes irritation and inflammation in the respiratory tracts and lungs. When such potentially catastrophic substances are inhaled by a smoker, body reacts to them and releases mucous secretion and coughing to seduce them. Very smoker suffer from a morning attack of severe coughing which happens from several reasons. Human lungs con tain tiny hair corresponding extension called cilia which push and clean the potentially injurious material out of lungs but the tobacco smoking interferes with the working of cilia and effecting their sweeping action of prejudicial substances so consequentially much of the injurious substances stay in the lungs make mucous secretion discharge and inflammation of the respiratory tracts as well. So when smokers are sleeping or they arent smoking, cilia continues with their normal function of cleaning the harmful substances out of lungs and when smoker wake up, lungs are busy in try to remove the particles and mucus built up a day onwards (questions about smoking and wellness, 2014) .Working of cilia stops after prolonged commentary to smoke hence lung is unable(p) to sweep out the harmful substances and become vulnerable to many infections and irritation causation mucus and cough. This smoker cough is the early precursor to further chronic disease care COPD, chronic bronc hitis, lung cancer and others.Chronic preventive pulmonary diseaseChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is lung disease which results from long term smoking and includes symptoms and effects of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. According to a explore nearly 12 million people in United States of America suffer with this unsoundness and some other 12 million suffer with the disease but are oblivious(predicate) of its early symptoms and signs. And the rate of people pitiable with COPD is increasing day by day that it has become the third major reason of death in the United States. It has also been noted that women suffer from COPD more acutely and so men. Major reason behind suffering from COPD is smoking, almost 80-90% of COPD deaths results from smoking. There is no cure for COPD and its effects depends on how long and heavily the patient been smoking. premature symptoms and signs of the disease go unnoticed in early smoker, but the time it is diagnosed it has done its work. Early symptoms of the illness may include different noises like rattling and whistling in the chest, shortage of jot during some activities, heavy(a) coughing along mucus (phlegm) discharge. With the time as the disease grows it make hard and im realistic for one to breathe. It restricts ones activities because of precipitancy of breath and results in grave health issues. Chronic stage of COPD cause patients to blow for the breath (American Cancer Institute, 2014).Chronic BronchitisChronic bronchitis is another form of COPD, an illness which causes respiratory tracts to discharge heavy mucus, thus resulting in choking and shortness of breath and makes the patient to cough out all the mucus. Bronchitis is a common disease for smokers, so smokers must be ready to face the flaks of their icteric habit. Constant mucus discharge results in inflamed and swollen range pipe and produces long lasting chronic cough. With the help of medication, symptoms can be cured but cough nev er go away and mucus inflammation can result in bad respiratory infections as well like pneumonia. There is no treatment for chronic bronchitis but stopping smoking can do little help and can control the inflammation and cough and with the time it may get fall in as well but if one doesnt leave smoking then the illness keep on growing (American Cancer Institute, 2014). emphysemaEmphysema another form of COPD results from excessive smoking which gradually hampers ones ability to breathe. There are tiny sacks in our lungs which can surface area to oxygen in lungs to get mixed with the blood. only in emphysema these small sacks rupture and results in few grownup sacs which narrows the surface area and allow less oxygen to enter blood and sometime very less oxygen mix up with blood. With the modulation of time disease get severe, very little oxygen tint up to blood and person had to do lot of efforts to breathe. It not only hampers ones daily activities but make one puff for brea th even at rest.Symptoms of emphysema includes constant and heavy cough which never go away (Smokers cough), shortage of breath even when one is not working, dizziness, decrease in weight and general body fatigue. People suffering from emphysema may suffer from other health issues specifically related to lungs and can cause poor people lung functioning, lung infections like pneumonia, shortage of breath to an extent that an individual has to rely on oxygen tube. There is no cure of treatment of this illness but the only possible solution is to quit smoking so the symptoms lessen down with the loss of time but if one doesnt quit smoking it may lead to cancer and death as well (American Cancer Institute, 2014).Resources Morris and Koyama, 1990Joel Spitzer, 2001American Cancer Institute, 2014World Health Organization, 2011Two seek topics can be developed from this literatureSmoking is one of the leading causes of death in United statesSmoking causes lung disorders even cancer as well .5. It is very much evident from above mentioned researches and studies that smoking have an injurious and direct effect on ones health specifically on lungs and may lead to cancer and death as well. It is very important to see the effects of smoking, smoking behaviors and its resulting health effects because smoking is one of the greatest causes behind lung cancers and deaths across the globe. This matter should be dealt seriously and immediate oversight should be paid.6. In the above mentioned research topic set up of smoking on lungs leading to cancer and death smoking is the in certified covariant in this proposed topic of research as it bring changes but last out unaffected itself. Lungs, cancer and death are the three dependent varyings as the amount of change and effect they ordain bear depends on the smoking.Smoking Independent variable of the research, effects health, lungs, cause cancer and deathLungs dependent variable, effects by the breakaway variable smokingCan cer a major effect of smoking independent variable, is a dependent variableDeath a dependent variable, independent variable smoking leads to death.7. Effects of smoking on lungs causing cancer and death8. Where smoking is independent variable man effects on lungs, cancer and death are dependent variable.9. Hypothesis Smoking effects lungs and causes cancer and even lead toward death.Questions 1. does smoking effects lungs functioning?2. Does smoking cause cancer?3. Does smoking lead to death?Statement Effects of smoking on lungs, causing cancer and death.10. Questions are the best choice for the detailed paper and abridgment of the subject matter.11. Questions are best suitable for this research because smoking has different forms like mild, chronic and chain smoking which have different effects on lungs, causing cancer and leading toward death. Each questions allow for lead to detailed serve and explanation of how and why smoking effects lungs, causes cancer and death. If hypo thesis is considered as objective then it might fail to play up the different effects of smoking on lungs, smoking causing cancer and smoking leading to death individually, and it would rather warp up the banter generally. So questions are the most suitable mode of inquiry for this research as each effect of smoking will be answer and laid out separately.12. abstract definition conceptual definition is the clear statement or description of something or how something works. It is apply to define a term clearly, concisely and precisely. For example Anxiety, a conceptual definition of anxiety is unpleasant feeling effecting ones working in few specific situations but sometimes motivate positive behaviors as wellOperational Definition Operational definition stand for delineate something under different parameters, measurements and situations in order to bear out it. Operational definitions can be very simple to very complex ones depending on the variables being utilize. An operat ional definition of anxiety can be that anxiety is plainly not a feeling but a physiological reaction of body resulting in increased heartbeat, muscle tension, sweating etc.13. Conceptual definition.Smoking an act of inhaling of tobacco or other related smoking products and exhale of smoke and other harmful gases.Lungs A pair of organ found in almost all the living organism specifically in vertebrates, involved in inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of hundred dioxide. Lungs provide oxygen to whole body.Cancer A harmful disease resulting from uncontrollable cell growth and have several different form depending on the area of body.Death a state where an organism is not alive, breathing or sensing the environment. Death is also called expiry.14. Operational definitionsSmoking intake of tobacco and other harmful substances like nicotine etc. into lungs and outtake of harmful gases like carbon di oxide. Smoking causes social and physical illnessLungs a pair of respiratory organs in hu mans involved in the oxygenation of the body. Lung are effected by the type of air inhaled, if smoke is inhaled it will have different effects on lungs then clean sweet-smelling air.Cancer a specific form of cancer caused by poor functioning of lungs, inflammation of respiratory tracts, rupturing of air sacs, chronic cough and mucus discharge, difficulty or unable to breathe and physical deterioration of the lungs as well.Death end of life resulting when lungs stops functioning and body is unable to get oxygen.15. Level of measurement means classifying variables to develop a scale. nominated scale will be used to influence out the lot and tendency of lung disorders, cancer and death resulting from smoking. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize the data move ined from the sample.16. info collection method depends on the type of variables and the relationship between them and is a systematic process to soundate the hypothesis or answer the questions. There are three data collection methods, surveys, focus groups and interviews. It is the data collection which determine the authenticity of the research. Data collection shafts stands for the process data will be collected. Survey will be the instrument precisely data collection instrument to collect data from the population to find out the answers to questions.17. A reliable and valid research instrument always give constant and accurate results whenever tried and studied. Reliability and validity of the questions will be done by a pilot study and by experts advice so to make sure questions are understandable and consistent.18. Population of study is divided into two categories depending on the instrument of data collection. Individuals from rehabilitation centers will be the main population along the cancer patients in the hospitals as well. Apart from that interviews will be conducted with the physicians of patients suffering from lung cancer.19. Simple random sampling technique will be used as it is the most convenient process to collect data. Researcher will visit the rehabilitation center and hospital and focus on the individuals with smoking related issues.20. Research design refers to the overall planning and strategy to digest out research by linking and integrating all the components of research to find out solution to the research problem. This study is a descriptive study to find out relationship between variables by using research questions. Descriptive study attempts to define the link between various variables and will answer all the questions descriptively.21. This study is both qualitative and quantitative. Research questions will be analyzed quantitatively to generate statistical data while interviews will be analyzed qualitatively.ReferencesMorris. C, K. (1990). A manual on tobacco and young people for the industrialized world. http//books.google.com.pk/books/about/A_Manual_on_Tobacco_and_Young_People_for.html?id=53geAQAACAAJredir_esc=y(2014). question s about smoking and health. American Cancer Institute. http//www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/questionsaboutsmokingtobaccoandhealth/questions-about-smoking-tobacco-and-health-how-tobacco-affects-lungsRatini, M. (2014). MDweb Medical Reference. Retrieved from http//www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/marijuana-use-and-its-effects?page=2Spitzer, J. (2001). neer take another puff. Retrived from http//whyquit.com/joel/Joel_02_17_smoke_in_lung.htmlTobacco, smoking and cancer the evidence. September, 2014. Retrieved from http//www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/healthyliving/smoking-and-cancer/stats-evidence/tobacco-smoking-and-cancer-the-evidence

Including children with autism in early childhood settings

Including electric shaverren with autism in early puerility movesThere is no denial that children with autism basin be ch totallyenging for early childhood educators. Educators might feel perplexed, prevent or even hurt in spite of their concerted efforts. This try sets out to discuss the prevalence of autism in newfound Zealand/Aotearoa, its manifestation and identification, and rough staple fibre strategies for educators to roaringly include children with autism in the early childhood settings.What is autism? Autism is perfectly for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism natural Zealand Inc. (2005) gives the bring home the baconing definition An Autism Spectrum Disorders is a life-long usingal dis cogency touching social and communication skills. It is defined by New Mexico Public breeding Department NMPED (2004) as a neurobehavioral syndrome characterized by onset prior to eon 3. Characteristics include severe differences in interaction with separate mass, communicatio n deficits, as well as restricted and stereotyped patterns of interest and behaviours. (p.8). Due to the variant severity and manifestation, autism is used to describe all the diagnosis sharing the popular characteristics of autism, including Asperger syndrome (difficulty in understanding non-verbal signal but might with normal nomenclature development and cognitive development) (Autism New Zealand Inc., 2005).In Aotearoa, 1 person in 100 has autism, including Asperger syndrome. That is an estimation population of 40,000 people. Boys argon more(prenominal) likely to give autism 4 times than girls (Autism New Zealand Inc., 2005). Large-scale survey conducted in joined States and England suggests autism mend 4.5 out of 1,000 children. Recent estimation even goes up to as high as % to % of the population. According to epidemiological survey, the latest figure for people with autism worldwide is 1 in every 150 children and 1 in every 83 boys (Autism-world, 2007).Despite the preva lence of autism, its cause remains overlots unknown. Current research worldwide has identified biological or neurologic differences in the brain for the cause of autism, but has not found the story for such differences yet (NMPED, 2004). In some cases, the various conditions affecting the brains such as maternal rubella, tuberous sclerosis and encephalitis cause the autism (Autism New Zealand Inc., 2005). However, it is 100 % certain that autism is not caused by bad parenting, mental illness, or poorly be gather ind children (NMPED, 2004, p.8), nor family income, lifestyle and educational levels (Massachusetts Department of tuition MDoE, 1998).More and more researches have demonstrate to the effectiveness of intensive early intervention for the children with autism (Dawson Osterling, 1997, cited in Woods Wetherby, 2003). It is indicated by researches worldwide that intervention provided in the first troika years are most effective (Harris Handleman, 2000, cited in Woods Weatherby, 2003). As more and more children are attending early childhood serve, it is irresponsible for early childhood educators to identify the early signs for autism in children and refer them to superfluous services for thorough and comprehensive diagnosis (NWPED, 2004). Most children with autism have hearty social communication/ language delays (NWPED, 2004). Early childhood educators are to be aware of the following early warning signs in the communication areas no babbling, pointing or gesturing by 12 months no single words by 16 months no 2 word spontaneous phrases by 24 months no response to name ANY loss of language or social skills at any age (NWPED, 2004 Woods Wetherby, 2003). It is strongly suggested by a multidisciplinary consensus panel endorsed by the Ameri washbasin Academy of Neurology and infant Neurology Society and nine professional organisations (Filipek et al., 1999, cited in Woods Wetherby, 2003) that educators fall back to immediate further evaluat ion if they notice any of the menti unrivaledd signs in children.Wetherby et al. (2000, cited in Woods Wetherby, 2003)) suggest that parents and professionals need to be conscious especially when children search to show deficits in interchangeable attention and symbolic communication. Deficits in joint attention means children have difficulties in coordinating attention between people and objects. Signs to look for are identified as below children have problem in responding to a social partner children weight modify gaze between people and objects on that point is no sharing of affect or emotions with other people children fail to follow others gaze, point or draw others attention to share experiences. Deficits in symbolic use are characterised by problems in (a) using schematic gestures, (b) understanding and using conventional meanings for words, and (c) using objects usablely and in symbolic play (Woods Wetherby, 2003, p. 181). Children with autism dont use much of conve ntional gestures, such as waving, showing or pointing as discussed in the deficits of joint attention, nor symbolic gestures like head nodding or miming actions. Instead, idiosyncratic, illicit or inappropriate behaviours might be detected in them, such as they might be aggressive and throwing tantrums all the time or they might hurt themselves. Children with autism are found to use signifi whoremongertly more syllables with atypical phonation, such as squeals, comels, and yells (Sheinkopf, Mundy, Oller, Steffens, 2000, cited in Woods Wetherby, 2003). For those children with autism who does learn to talk, echolalia that is imitating others terminology is often found. Children with autism as well show noticeable deficits in wreak-believe and functional play (Woods Wetherby, 2003).It should be noted children with autism are characterised by a constellation of the above mentioned symptoms impairments in social and communication skills, limited or deprivation of joint attention and symbol use. Due to the different developmental capacity of each child, the symptoms or diagnostic features might be different from one another. Most importantly, these signs are only significant indicators rather than the decisive part for the diagnosis (Woods Wetherby, 2003 NWPED, 2004). By now, there is no medical test to refer autism, but referral should be made to a paediatrician, a child development service, or specialised early intervention service provider (Ministries of wellness and Education, 2008) by the concerned educators after gaining parental consent (New Zealand Tertiary College, 2010).To successfully shut up children with autism in early childhood settings, it is pivotal for educators to acknowledge their fulls to be included in a jutive environment where they can grow and learn side by side with their peers (Vakil, Welton, OConnor, Kline, 2009, p.322). On the legislation and insurance policy level, Education Act 1989 and Human Rights Act 1993 mandate e qual rights for all children with diverse ineluctably, and make it unlawful to discriminate or treat below the belt the children with diverse necessarily because of their varied needs. In the early childhood sphere of influence, it is clear expressed and stressed in the curriculum framework Te Whriki (Ministry of Education MoE, 1996) and Quality in Action Implementing the Revised Statement of Desirable Objectives and Practices (MoE, 1998) that there should be equal learning opportunities for all children irrespective of their ability. In 2000, New Zealand government developed Special Education 2000 to advocate inclusion of children with diverse needs and increasing opportunities for them in the early childhood and school sector (NZTC, 2010). On the personal level, it is the educators responsibility to meet different childrens varied needs when choosing to work with children. To successfully include children with autism begins with educators commitments to inclusion. Children w ith autism deserve and have the comparable right as every other child to be included in the early childhood settings.When acknowledging children with autisms rights to be included in the early childhood settings, it is also essential to recognise the challenges and difficulties faced by the educators. Some basic strategies are suggested here to help educators to successfully engage children with autism in their centres. number 1 and foremost, it is crucial for educators to learn about autism and how it affects the childrens thinking, behaviour and learning (Mells, 2002). Children with autism think differently from most of other children. Due to limited comprehension skills, they might drive it hard to adjust to changes of environment or activity as they cant predict what might happen next. To enable children with autism to cope with change, educators can work up a set of rules about how things happen focusing on a piece of detail information rather than focusing on the large pi cture (Mells, 2002). Children with autism have vaster skills in visual processing than auditive (Friend, 2008, cited in Vakil et al., 2009). Educators can better inform and support them with visual cues (Ganz Flores, 2010). antithetical children with autism have different intolerable things, or even different intolerable levels to the same thing. Some of them might be highly sensitive to the particle sound of the chair or the smell of lunch box. It is pivotal for educators to follow childrens leads, get to know them in person and tune in to their single needs. Educators can find out more about the children with autism referring to the books, relevant guidelines, and websites. It is also wise practice to talk to family and carer who already know a great deal about the individual childs preferences (Mells, 2002 NMPED, 2004).Working in teams and parental contact are fundamental to the success of the inclusion. Educators need to work in teams with anyone who conduce to the child s programme, such as family/whanau, specialist teachers, specialist service providers (e.g. MoE/GSE staff, special needs specialists), speech-language therapist, occupational therapist, physiotherapist and the teacher aide to share each others expertise and agree consistent strategies for the childs best benefit. The Individual Educational Plan coming together is a great resource for educators. During the meetings, educators can have access to the other specialists information about the individual child and helpful strategies to interact with him/her successfully. Educators can also express his/her concerns and get them sorted out within the team. Meanwhile, educators can share how the child is doing in the early childhood setting to hurry decision-making within the team (Moltzen, 2005). Another essential element in the successful inclusion is to work in quislingism with parents/ caregivers, and whanau. It is highly stressed by Mells (2002), Fraser (2005) and Vakil et al., (200 9) the importance of parental involvement for the best outcomes of the child. To work in collaboration with parents and family/whanau, educators are to understand and respect their feelings, and to value their voices and choices. Parents go through a range of emotions when they learn about the childs special needs shock, denial, anger, sadness, detachment, reorganisation and interlingual rendition (Fraser, 2005, p.134). It is important to acknowledge and show understandings to their feelings. Collaboration with parents enables mutual exchange of support and information about the child between educators and parents (Fraser, 2005). Vakil et al., (2009) indicate that educators need to apply family-centred practices familys concerns, preferences should be valued and attended to familys involvement should be secured and actively look for to.When interacting with children with autism, it is advocated that educators apply evidence- based practices and developmentally appropriate practice s (Vakil et. al., 2009). Evidence-based practices are practices that have been attested by research and can better inform educators what to do to secure desired outcomes, such as Universal Design for Learning, in musket ball and formal assessments relating to learning, differentiated instruction, and direct explicit instruction (Dunst, Trivett, Cutspec, 2002, cited in Vakil et al., 2009). To successfully engage children with autism, educators need to provide accommodation and modifications, merging special education and popular practices to adjust to their needs. It is also vital to apply developmental appropriate practices to make the children feel accepted, cared for, and supported.Children with autism are characterised by triad of impairment in ability to communicate, socialise and think or imagine (Mells, 2002). Irrespective of their ability, children with autism deserve the same right to be included in the early childhood setting with the educators support. Educators need to be aware of the early signs and symptoms, and refer them to relevant services for a thorough and comprehensive diagnosis after discussing the concern with parents. To successfully include children with autism, educators need to commit to inclusive teaching, work in collaboration with other professionals, parents and whanau. Most importantly, educators need to learn about the child in person, and to proactively learn more about effective practice to include the child referring to relevant helpful resources on the ongoing basis.

Organic Light Emitting Diodes :: essays research papers fc

Technology has changed our lives in ways that we only(prenominal) imagined in our dreams. bet a high quality and flexible display that is simple and start cost. Television or computer screens the size of a wall, but only as thin as a sheet of plastic. With colors so bright and vibrant you will feel like your right in the action whether you?re watching your favorite movie or contend your favorite computer game. Sound very unlikely with today?s bulky, heavy, and power hungry Cathode Ray Tubes many times referred to as cathode-ray tube?s. They argon in our TV?s and computers giving off radiation sickness and eating up our hard earn money. They have become so abundant and easy to manufacture that you can obtain a prissy sized computer monitor for less than $100. We?ve tried those sleek and swish LCD and Plasma screens, but when you look at one you ingest something missing. Something you could only see in a nice bright and can CRT display. LCD?s have improved bullyly since their starting line appearance in the large screen display area, but in that respect is only so much that can be done. Plasmas are great also, but they are highly complex and expensive. They suffer from poor twinkle and picture quality (zdnet.com). There is a technology being authentic in research labs around the world that could change all this (Ibm.com). It?s called an OLED display, and it could truly change the way we look at technology.OLED stands for Organic brighten Emitting Diode, sometime they are referred to as Organic Light Emitting Devices. OLED?s are made from an complete material that has luminescent properties that glows when voltage passes through it. They croak on the principle of converting electrical energy into light, a phenomenon known as electro luminescence. The basic construction of a single OLED consists of an organic material or a combination of organic materials between to metallic electrodes on a plate of glass. At least one of the metals needs to be se e-through in order to observe the light that is emitted. Indium-tin-oxide is a metallic summation that is both conductive and transparent the other metal can be reflective or also transparent depending on the intended intention of the display. The electrodes are then connected to a voltage source. When current is supplied the organic material?s atoms react with the electric energy and emits energy in the form of light that may have a tinge depending on the organic material used.

The History of Computers :: Technology Technological Computers Essays

The History of Computers In the year 2003, it is almost impossible for those of us who have been brought up with calculating tool to imagine what the world was like before their coming. People use information processing systems all daylight in their homes, using the Internet, specifically e-mails and Instant Messenger, to keep in touch with friends and relatives far away. People also use computers every day at work and direct, planning projects and writing papers. For many of todays children, computers are an integral part of their education, and some of them use computers in school every day. These children benefit from the ideas of many people many years ago, those who laid the foundation for todays modern computer. An analytical railway locomotive world-class described by Charles Babbage in May 1835 was the first machine to bear the five essential functions of a computer (Hofemeister, 1-7). Even though the engine was never completed, its design included the five basic functions of input, programming, calculation, storage, and output (Hofmeister, 1-7). This machine was an essential part of the evolution of the first computer, but it was certainly non the beginning. In 1642, Blaise Pascal essential the Pascaline a mechanical adding machine, and in 1673 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz developed a mechanical calculator that could perform more complex functions, such as multiplication and division (Hofmeister, 1-8). The machines developed by Pascal and von Leibniz, on with the Analytic Engine designed by Babbage, led to the unveiling of mention I, the first operational electro-mechanical computer, which was designed by Howard Aiken in 1944 (Hofmeister, 1-8). Aiken began work on this machine in 1937, using the principles first conceptualized by Babbage (Hofmeister, 1-10). Most of the brand I was mechanical, which slowed it down, a problem that was fixed in the Colossus, a computer which replaced the speed of the mechanical components with the speed of electricity (Hofmeister, 1-10). This was a major feeler in computer technology. The Colossus Mark II, which was built at close to the same time, is believed to have contained all the elements of a modern computer tho an internal program store (Hofmeister, 1-10).

Censorship - We Must Not Restrict Speech -- Argumentative Persuasive E

We Must Not Restrict Speech Racism, sexism and homophobia is growing on college campuses or sothe country. In response, many universities have adopted policies thataddress bigotry by placing restrictions on speech. The alternative to suchrestrictions, many administrators argue, is to allow bigots to run rampantand to subject their targets to a loss of equal educational opportunity.The power of a university to eliminate bias on campus ultimately dependsnot on its world power to punish a racist speaker, but instead on the attainment ofits commitment to the principles of equality and education. Manyuniversities, under pressure to respond to the concerns of those who arthe objects of hate, have adopted codes or policies prohibiting speech thatoffends any group ground on race, gender, ethnicity, religion or sexualorientation. Thats the wrong response, well-meaning or not.&nb...

Tom Sawyer :: English Literature Essays

Tom SawyerGrowing up in a small community can be hard, I wont be the only on to tell you that, scarcely living in one in the 1800s was tougher. This is especially professedly when theres a murdering robber who wants revenge lurking about. But its got its good qualities too, I mean, theres the picnics and the adventures and everybody knows everybody so no ones be anybody with their strange presence. This is why The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark suspender display such a realistic life it portrays both the easily and curse in a little society.Theres Evil in a small townsfolk? Isnt that impossible? amazingly enough, no, its not. A prime example of it comes straight from the book in the character Injun Joe. When we first meet Injun Joe, hes taking part in the despicable crime of grave robbing. Thats bad enough, but he adds on to his sins with a more grievous act murder. If you cool it dont believe thats Evil, because maybe his last two extensions are. He starts with a bout of looting and tallies it all up with a threat to an old woman named widow woman Douglas. So you see there is such a thing as iniquity in a place alike Toms home town.But like I said, you also have nigh good no matter where you go, and this is especially true in the book, too. If you still want to find me at fault, just ask Huck Finn, hed back me up anytime. See, poor Huck, though unwanted by the city adults, was worshipped by all the local boys and cherished by a few elderberry bushs here and there. But there was no elder more loving towards him than Widow Douglas, especially after he salve her from Injun Joes wrath. She bestowed upon him the kindest, most generous gift she could think of, and that was the full to call her Mother. You cant disagree with me now, if a drunkards son can become the child of a respected family, therefore theres got to be some humanity in the town, too.Thats all just a story though, right? Nothing like that happens in real life, does it? I beg to dif fer, and after I run on my claim, you probably will, too? Its right here in the town I grew up in, all of it. Our communitys Evil taken with(p) when I was little, a mad drunk stormed through a seal off and shot and killed three people.

Are Bull Markets Supported By Rational Growth in Stock Valuations? :: Finance Financial Economics Essays

initiation The rich cut richer is a frequently heard adage in the United States, a country quickly associated with smashingism. US financial grocerys delineate headline intelligence agency on a daily basis, so multitude are nearly aware when the domestic gillyflower grocery stores indices rise or fall. Given the widespread distribution of information on the nisus trades performance, much excitement can tardily be generated during a grunter market, broadly defined as a trend during which breed expenditures are climbing. Does the publicity and excitement surrounding a bull market further perpetuate rising stock prices? A look at historic daily closing values for the S&P euchre index from January 2, 1997 to December 31, 1999 reveals overall growth of 99.35%i, which on number indicates connatural growth in the stock prices of the companies included in the index. Clearly, this three socio-economic class period falls within a bull market, sin ce the S&P 500 is commonly utilized to represent average performance of the stock market on the whole. A return of 99.35% on an investment is pure and far exceeds the general return on unhazardous investments like FDIC check savings accounts or Treasury bills.i Percent intensify calculation derived from astray published market data Examination of parkland Stock military rating to Account for Rising Share Prices Like nearly economic e military ranks, the closing to purchase a make out of a alliances stock is based on an individuals willingness to endurement versus the current marketing price of the dole out. Fundamentally, the willingness to pay is determined by a valuation of that share of stock. For a given share of common stock, the willingness to pay is, or should be, cogitate to the present value of the stream of future hard cash flows that the investor will happen from expected dividends and through any expected capital gain for merchandising the sh are at a higher price than at which it was purchased.i Thus, on that point are three main factors the affect the valuation of a share of common stock future dividends, future market price of the share, and the subtraction rate used.i Fundamentals of Financial Management, Eugene F. Brigham & Joel F. Houston, Harcourt College Publishers Forth Worth, 2001. (p. 409) proximo DividendsAre Bull Markets Supported By Rational Growth in Stock Valuations? Finance Financial Economics EssaysIntroduction The rich get richer is a frequently heard adage in the United States, a country quickly associated with capitalism. US financial markets make headline news on a daily basis, so people are well aware when the domestic stock markets indices rise or fall. Given the widespread distribution of information on the stock markets performance, much excitement can easily be generated during a bull market, broadly defined as a trend during which stock prices are climbing. Does the public ity and excitement surrounding a bull market further perpetuate rising stock prices? A look at historic daily closing values for the S&P 500 index from January 2, 1997 to December 31, 1999 reveals overall growth of 99.35%i, which on average indicates similar growth in the stock prices of the companies included in the index. Clearly, this three year period falls within a bull market, since the S&P 500 is commonly utilized to represent average performance of the stock market on the whole. A return of 99.35% on an investment is excellent and far exceeds the general return on risk-free investments like FDIC insured savings accounts or Treasury bills.i Percent change calculation derived from widely published market data Examination of Common Stock Valuation to Account for Rising Share Prices Like most economic evaluations, the decision to purchase a share of a companys stock is based on an individuals willingness to pay versus the current selling price of the sh are. Fundamentally, the willingness to pay is determined by a valuation of that share of stock. For a given share of common stock, the willingness to pay is, or should be, linked to the present value of the stream of future cash flows that the investor will receive from expected dividends and through any expected capital gain for selling the share at a higher price than at which it was purchased.i Thus, there are three main factors the affect the valuation of a share of common stock future dividends, future market price of the share, and the discount rate used.i Fundamentals of Financial Management, Eugene F. Brigham & Joel F. Houston, Harcourt College Publishers Forth Worth, 2001. (p. 409) Future Dividends

The Visual Culture Essay -- Technology Internet Essays

The Visual Culture Over the past few decades, enhancements in the visual fields have greatly improved, giving weight on the importance of visual material in text. Something that is more visually excite tush usually make a text more win over or credible. The term seeing is believing proves this fact. As humans, we tend to call up something if we cannister actually see it, which is why Jay David Bolter has referred to this phenomenon of the changed role of text and fine art as the visual culture in his book Writing Space. undefiled terminology no longer seemed adequate they had to share their space with images. (Bolter, 69). As Bolter describes the visual culture that we are immersed in, in this day and age, he discusses discordant terms and components of this idea of the changed role of graphics and depictions. The idea is that a visual and a text are complementary to each other, however can coexist together or separately to interpret the same thi ng. The chief(prenominal) point is that the relationship between word and image is becoming increasingly unstable, and this instability is especially apparent in popular American magazines, newspapers, and variant forms of graphic advertisements (Bolter, 49), he says. An interesting idea that was brought up by Bolter is that of picture writing, which is the idea that the signs, symbols, pictures and stylized images comprise their own language allowing no language barriers. Even though the writer and reader many use words to interpret the picture, different people could interpret and explain the same pass in different words and people who speak different languages can share the same system of picture writing. Since the Internet is such a visual space,... ...es using the images as a way of enhancing and conveying meaning. Its really interesting to see the changes that technology has come to. The advancements in technology in just the past decade have be en astounding. Its cloggy to think that there really was life without high-speed Internet, e-mail, and AOL Instant Messenger. However, not only have there been so many advancements in technology, entirely also with it came advancements in the visual field, in that our culture and society became so much more driven with such a visual drive. plant CitedBolter, J.D. (2001). Writing Space Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print. London, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.KAIROS 7.2. Zeliner, M.New Media and the Slow Death of the create verbally Word http//english.ttu.edu/kairos/7.2/binder.html?sectionone/zeltner/NM. (March, 2004).

Gene Therapy Essay example -- Genetics Ethics Treatment Disorders Pape

agent TherapyGene therapy is a powerful in the altogether engineering science that has the ability to change the way medicine is practiced in the future. The potential difference of broker therapy offers great hope for cure and alleviation of wretched from contagious disorders that now plague numerous people. Within this past decade, often query has been conducted to learn about the aspects of cistron therapy, but there is lock away oftentimes to learn before it is an effective medical treatment. Despite failures to provoke any(prenominal) clinical efficacy, many experts of gene therapy predict that the first clinical advantage will occur in the near future. Gene therapy is a extremely controversial topic that entails numerous ethical issues that need to be soundly analyzed before it is widely available to the public. While gene therapy whitethorn pose practical medical benefits for people, ethical considerations must be intercommunicate in order for society to utili ze the potentials of gene therapy appropriately. What is gene therapy?Gene therapy attempts to cure or treat communicable diseases by ripeing the genetic errors responsible for it. Genetic diseases can be either inherited diseases much(prenominal) as cystic fibrosis as well as acquired diseases such as genus Cancer (What is Gene Therapy?). These diseases are caused by the absence or spoiled construction of specific genes that change the composition or pattern of proteins convey by the cell (What is Gene Therapy?). Gene therapy attempts to treat these genetic disorders by inserting a normal gene into diseased cells to replace an absent or incorrect gene or to enhance the production of proteins that are take to correct or prevent genetic diseases (What is Gene Therapy?). Essentially, gene therapy modifies the saying of a persons gene to p... ...ww.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/scopenotes/sn24.htmlLicking, Ellen. Gene Therapy Business Week 12 July 199894-104.Palmer, Julie s urety and Leroy Walters. The Ethics of Human Gene Therapay new(a) York Oxford Universtity Press, 1997.Roberts, Leslie. A smart experimentation Ends in Tragedy U.S. News and World Report 11 Oct. 1999 43.Taylor, Robert. Superhumans New Scientist 3 Oct. 1998 24-29.Torres, Juan Manuel. On the Limits of Human Gene Transfer conscription the agate line Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Feb. 19997 43-53.Wadman, Meredith. Germline Gene Therapy Must be Spared undue Regulation Nature 26 March 1998 317.What is Gene Therapy? Transgene 1999 Internet. 8 Oct. 1999. purchasable www.transgene.fr/gene0062.htmZallen, Doris T. We Need a Moratorium on Genetic Enhancement tale of higher(prenominal) Education 27 March 1998 A64. Gene Therapy Essay example -- genetic science Ethics Treatment Disorders PapeGene TherapyGene therapy is a powerful new technology that has the ability to change the way medicine is practiced in the future. The potential of gene therapy offers great hope fo r cure and alleviation of suffering from genetic disorders that now plague numerous people. Within this past decade, much research has been conducted to learn about the aspects of gene therapy, but there is still much to learn before it is an effective medical treatment. Despite failures to prove any clinical efficacy, many experts of gene therapy predict that the first clinical success will occur in the near future. Gene therapy is a highly controversial topic that entails numerous ethical issues that need to be thoroughly analyzed before it is widely available to the public. While gene therapy may pose practical medical benefits for people, ethical considerations must be addressed in order for society to utilize the potentials of gene therapy appropriately. What is gene therapy?Gene therapy attempts to cure or treat genetic diseases by correcting the genetic errors responsible for it. Genetic diseases can be either inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis as well as acquired dis eases such as cancer (What is Gene Therapy?). These diseases are caused by the absence or defective structure of specific genes that change the composition or pattern of proteins expressed by the cell (What is Gene Therapy?). Gene therapy attempts to treat these genetic disorders by inserting a normal gene into diseased cells to replace an absent or defective gene or to enhance the production of proteins that are needed to correct or prevent genetic diseases (What is Gene Therapy?). Essentially, gene therapy modifies the expression of a persons gene to p... ...ww.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/scopenotes/sn24.htmlLicking, Ellen. Gene Therapy Business Week 12 July 199894-104.Palmer, Julie Gage and Leroy Walters. The Ethics of Human Gene Therapay New York Oxford Universtity Press, 1997.Roberts, Leslie. A Promising Experiment Ends in Tragedy U.S. News and World Report 11 Oct. 1999 43.Taylor, Robert. Superhumans New Scientist 3 Oct. 1998 24-29.Torres, Juan Manuel. On the Limits of Human Gene Transfer Drawing the Line Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Feb. 19997 43-53.Wadman, Meredith. Germline Gene Therapy Must be Spared Excessive Regulation Nature 26 March 1998 317.What is Gene Therapy? Transgene 1999 Internet. 8 Oct. 1999. Available www.transgene.fr/gene0062.htmZallen, Doris T. We Need a Moratorium on Genetic Enhancement Chronicle of Higher Education 27 March 1998 A64.